Requirements

Due to time constraints, the C++ requirements for the project have CHANGED!

The minimum C++ usage requirements for the projects this session are now that

• it uses at least one of each of the following:
  • array (a 1D and a 2D)
  • file (an input & an output)
  • struct (grouping of multiply-typed data together)
  • linear search

It would be appreciated if you would try to include one or more of the following. (It will improve your grade from the minimum, of course.)

• class (type from which an object is instantiated)
• library (grouping functionality in library files)
• list/queue/stack

These are definitely co-fulfilling as stated the first week (if you have 1, you probably have 2 if not all 3).

Grading & Such

Please see the first week's notes for this information, still.

Topic

Each group is allowed to choose one topic from the following list. You won't want to change once you start merely because of our tight time constraints, so choose wisely!

1. Calculator
   A calculator can be, typically, numeric or graphical (it is called a graphical calculator because there is NO portable way to show true graphics; you have to display graphics as characters on a text screen).
   Suggestions:
   • a matrix/vector calculator
     • read matrices from disk
       (see notes on nD arrays and files for info)
     • do traditional math
       -- on scalars, vectors, matrices, and valid combinations thereof
     • do matrix math -- determinants, etc.
     • do vector math -- dot products, cross products, etc.
     • solve linear systems of equations
   • a statistical calculator
     • traditional statistics -- mean, mode, median, sum, variance, standard deviation, etc.
     • statistical value sets stored on disk
       (see notes on files for info)
     • covariance between sets of values
     • random sampling
       This simply means that if you have many items of data, you randomly choose which ones to use. This is how surveys can occur and not have to ask EVERYONE the questions -- they sample the population at random.
     The problem here is that there isn't much to do with 2D arrays. I can show you all the statistics you'd care to deal with, but I'm not convinced this is going to have all the minimum requirements.
   • a graphic filter calculator
     • display image (see next)
     • graphics represented as characters for viewing, numbers for storage
       I'd suggest a format like:

         Color   |  Symbol(s)                  |  Range
        ---------+-----------------------------+-------------
          white  |   ' '                       |     0
          grey   |   '.', '-', '|', '+', '*'   |     1 - 254 (50 each and a few extra)
          black  |   '#'                       |   255
       

       for grey-scale or maybe:

         Color   |  Symbol(s)                  |  Range
        ---------+-----------------------------+-------------
          red    |   '$', '!', '\', '<'        |     0 -  84
          green  |   '@', ',', ''', '"'        |    85 - 170
          blue   |   '&', '?', '/', '>'        |   171 - 255
       

       for color images
       the file might look like:

       +------------------------------------------------------------------+
       |grey                                                              |
       |8 5                                                               |
       |  0   0   0  12  55  12   0 255                                   |
       |  0   0  20  52 107  52  20 255                                   |
       |  0   0  30  62 117  62  30 255                                   |
       |  0   0   0 102 153 102   0 255                                   |
       |255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255                                   |
       +------------------------------------------------------------------+
       

       or some such...
       In some systems, a single pixel is represented by more than a single number. In fact, most systems use 3 numbers for each pixel. One each for the red, green, and blue components of the color.
       Here's a sample color mapping for such a system:

        Red Part | Green Part | Blue Part | Result        | Representation
       ----------+------------+-----------+---------------+-----------------
          255    |     255    |    255    |  really white | W
          255    |       0    |      0    |  really red   | R
            0    |     255    |      0    |  really green | G
            0    |       0    |    255    |  really blue  | B
            0    |       0    |      0    |  really black | K
          255    |     128    |      0    |  orange       | O
          128    |       0    |    128    |  purple       | P
       

       Let's call this mapping 'standard' (since it is -- I've merely used fewer actual colors here than in the real one). We might have a data file like:

       +------------------------------------------------------------------+
       |standard                                                          |
       |63 7                                                              |
       |255 128   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |255 128   0                                                       |
       |255   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |255   0   0                                                       |
       |  0 255   0                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0 255   0                                                       |
       |255   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |255   0   0                                                       |
       |  0 255   0                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0 255   0                                                       |
       |255   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |  0   0 255                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |128   0 128                                                       |
       |255   0   0                                                       |
       |255 128   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |  0   0   0                                                       |
       |255 128   0                                                       |
       +------------------------------------------------------------------+
       

       This, when displayed, will result in an image like:

       OKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKO
       RBBBPPPPPPPBBPPPPPPPBBPPPPPPPBBBBBBBBPPPPPPBBBBBPPPBBBBPPPPPPBR
       GBBBPPBBBBBBBPPBBBPPBBPPBBBPPBBBBBBBBPPBBBPPBBBPPBPPBBBPPBBBPPG
       RBBBPPPPPBBBBPPBBBPPBBPPBBBPPBBPPPPBBPPPPPPBBBPPBBBPPBBPPPPPPBR
       GBBBPPBBBBBBBPPBBBPPBBPPBBBPPBBBBBBBBPPBBBPPBBPPPPPPPBBPPBBBPPG
       RBBBPPBBBBBBBPPPPPPPBBPPPPPPPBBBBBBBBPPPPPPBBBPPBBBPPBBPPBBBPPR
       OKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKO
       

       Which, if you sit back and maybe squint, says "Foo-Bar" (a common phrase in computer, military, and engineering work places although usually spelled FuBar).
       The only problem with this is that if you alter the values of the pixels, the image becomes undisplayable by the above mapping. Here is a more useful mapping that combines ideas above and standard:

        Red Part | Green Part | Blue Part | Result           | Representation
       ----------+------------+-----------+------------------+-----------------
          255    |     255    |    255    |  really white    | W
            0    |       0    |      0    |  really black    | K
          255    |       0    |      0    |  really red      | R
        191-254  |       0    |      0    |  dark red        | <
        127-190  |       0    |      0    |  med. dark red   | \
         63-126  |       0    |      0    |  med. light red  | !
          1- 62  |       0    |      0    |  light red       | $
            0    |     255    |      0    |  really green    | G
            0    |   191-254  |      0    |  dark green      | "
            0    |   127-190  |      0    |  med. dark green | '
            0    |    63-126  |      0    |  med. light green| ,
            0    |     1- 62  |      0    |  light green     | @
            0    |       0    |    255    |  really blue     | B
            0    |       0    |  191-254  |  dark blue       | >
            0    |       0    |  127-190  |  med. dark blue  | /
            0    |       0    |   63-126  |  med. light blue | ?
            0    |       0    |    1- 62  |  light blue      | &
          255    |     128    |      0    |  orange          | O
          128    |       0    |    128    |  purple          | P
            0    |     255    |    255    |  cyan            | C
       

       And this could be extended similarly for the other combinations. You just have to pick symbols for them (the ranges are similar to those above and names are unimportant for our purposes). Such a gradual mapping would allow all colors to be represented and therefore a larger range of calculations to be performed.
     • having image mappings stored in files to make the program less forced
       the above mapping might be stored as a file like:

       +------------------------------------------------------------------+
       |standard                                                          |
       |255-255      255-255     255-255   W                              |
       |  0-  0        0-  0       0-  0   K                              |
       |255-255        0-  0       0-  0   R                              |
       |191-254        0-  0       0-  0   <                              |
       |127-190        0-  0       0-  0   \                              |
       | 63-126        0-  0       0-  0   !                              |
       |  1- 62        0-  0       0-  0   $                              |
       |  0-  0      255-255       0-  0   G                              |
       |  0-  0      191-254       0-  0   "                              |
       |  0-  0      127-190       0-  0   '                              |
       |  0-  0       63-126       0-  0   ,                              |
       |  0-  0        1- 62       0-  0   @                              |
       |  0-  0        0-  0     255-255   B                              |
       |  0-  0        0-  0     191-254   >                              |
       |  0-  0        0-  0     127-190   /                              |
       |  0-  0        0-  0      63-126   ?                              |
       |  0-  0        0-  0       1- 62   &                              |
       |255-255      128-128       0-  0   O                              |
       |128-128        0-  0     128-128   P                              |
       |  0-  0      255-255     255-255   C                              |
       +------------------------------------------------------------------+
       

       Note how each of the first 3 columns gives a range for the red, green, or blue value of a pixel and the last column gives the symbol to represent a pixel having a value in those ranges.
       (You must download the above-linked file. Some browsers will have trouble displaying it -- I have NO answer for this.)
     • NOTE: if you are creative with your mappings, you may be able to code for cool pictures like these.
       Also note that the ASCII Art Ring has MANY more sites with more and better representations.
     • band filters to remove 'high' or 'low' colors
     • flip the image
     • enhance certain colors
2. Maze Game
   This won't be a fancy graphical shoot-em-up or hack-n-slash (as there is no portable way to show true graphics). However, it will represent the game in a text format for interaction and what you will concentrate on will be the play -- something that is portable to both text-based and graphical games.
   Suggestions:
   • predefined mazes on disk
     perhaps store them like this:

     +------------------------------------------------------------------+
     |4 6                                                               |
     |####                                                              |
     |#  #                                                              |
     |# ##                                                              |
     |#  #                                                              |
     |## #                                                              |
     |####                                                              |
     +------------------------------------------------------------------+
     

     be sure to keep your rows and columns straight!!!!!!!
     but where do we start & stop?
   • display maze & allow player to move through it
     typical direction control keys (when cursors aren't available) are:

           k
           |
        h -+- l
           |
           j
     

     you could also do something like:

              up
              |
        left -+- right
              |
             down
     

     and after each movement, you would have to re-display the map to show the player's new coordinates
     don't forget to watch out for walls!
     see the menu example (and possibly the stuff on arrays of strings) for ideas on reading in commands
   • treasure to pick up
     now the player isn't a simple variable -- they have treasure to carry around (limit amount? by weight or value?)
     different kinds of treasure (money, gems, chests...)?
     what will symbolize treasure?
   • objects to pick up
     now the player isn't a simple variable -- they have objects to carry around -- possibly many of them (limit inventory?)
     what symbol to use for each object? special objects?
   • walls of varied strength -- can knock down with a pick?
     how might the file format change? what would signify a weak wall on-screen (anything?)? should all walls be breakable?
     could knock 'em down with bare hands, if you don't like having objects around...
   • doors to open -- pick locks with burglar's tools?
     how would you symbolize a door? (open? closed?)
     will lock picking ALWAYS succeed?
     (obviously no picking if objects aren't implemented)
   • user-definable look & feel
     make things like on-screen symbols, etc. definable via the maze file; you could read them in and then use a parallel array linear search to locate the right symbol to change; something like:

     +------------------------------------------------------------------+
     |Xsize = 4                                                         |
     |Ysize = 6                                                         |
     |Wall  = %                                                         |
     |%%%%                                                              |
     |%  %                                                              |
     |% %%                                                              |
     |%  %                                                              |
     |%% %                                                              |
     |%%%%                                                              |
     +------------------------------------------------------------------+
     

     comes to mind
   • random placement? teleport traps?
   • monsters?
     should they just wander around? should they fight? should they interact in other ways?
   • adding some of the above features can make your maze not just a 2D array of characters, but a 2D array of structures:
     • variable strength walls -- each location in the maze needs a strength and a character/type (floors that are weak and drop heavy players through to another level?)
     • objects -- each location can now hold 1 or more objects as well as a floor -- but not in combination with a wall?
     • treasure -- now we have a treasure amount (type?) for each floor (wall?) square
     • monsters -- could keep track of which monsters are on a square (more than one?)
     • doors -- if a maze position is a door, is it locked or closed? (broken?)
     others can make your player a structure, too:
     • objects -- which object(s) has the player picked up? (is s/he using any of them?)
     • treasure -- how much (what kinds?) of treasure has the player gotten?
     • monsters -- do we want to know what monsters the player has seen/fought/killed before?
     • doors -- if the player uses lock picks, are they any good at it? (percentage chance? improves as they do more?)
     some just are structures:
     • objects -- what type of object is it? does it weigh anything? is it worth anything?
     • treasure -- what kind of treasure? how much is it worth? does it weigh anything?
     • monsters -- similar to players (identical?)
     • doors -- is the door locked? if so, how hard is it to pick? is it open? is it broken?
   • structures might easily upgrade to ADTs, too:
     • objects -- maybe the object has special powers --
       • values:
         • how much does the object weigh?
         • how much is the object worth?
         • is the object sturdy or about to break?
       • operations:
         • casts spells for/against its user/holder
         • detects and unlocks sealed/certain doors
         • lights darkened areas (darkness adds a part to the maze structure, too -- is it dark or light? how bright?)
     • monsters/players --
       • values:
         • how much is/can the monster carry?
         • what is/can the monster carry?
         • does it have treasure?
         • is it healthy or about to die?
       • operations:
         • casts spells:
           • magical utilities: light/darkness, increase health, create food/water
           • magical attacks: fire, air, electricity, water, earth?
           • magical defenses: shield, armor, wall of force
         • can unlock/open doors
         • can walk or run around the maze
           (walk might be a single position whereas run might be until a wall, object, treasure, or monster were encountered)
         • can get/drop items (use/unuse?)
     • the maze itself --
       • values:
         • as above -- a 2D array of characters or structures
         • how large is this maze (rows by columns)?
         • a depth for the maze (dungeon/castle floor, etc.)
       • operations:
         • can save itself or load itself from a file
         • can display itself on screen
         • can position/remove objects, monsters, players, etc. within itself
     • the game options --
       • values:
         • a list of name/value pairs (all of these should have default values)
         • how many options do we support? (this would be a constant -- the player cannot make up new options because we'd have to code how they work)
       • operations:
         • can load (save?) options from (to) disk file
         • can look-up options to allow other parts of the program to know what they are
         • can set options to new values (during the load process)